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Carlos Alvarado-Larroucau In greater Miami the Miami-Dade Expressway Authority and Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE) maintain eight state expressways in conjunction with FDOT the Airport Expressway (SR 112) and the Dolphin Expressway (SR 836) relay western Miami-Dade suburbs to the eastern urban coast at I-95 and to Miami Beach via I-195 and I-395 at the Airport and Midtown interchanges the Gratigny Parkway (SR 924) connects northern Miami suburbs to the southern end of I-75 the Palmetto Expressway (SR 826) is the primary beltway road of urban Miami relaying I-95 and Florida's Turnpike (SR 91) at the Golden Glades Interchange near northeastern North Miami Beach to the southern inland suburbs of Kendall and Pinecrest the Don Shula Expressway (SR 874) and the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (SR 821) form the southernmost end of the beltway connecting the Palmetto Expressway to the bedroom communities of Homestead and Florida City the Snapper Creek Expressway (SR 878) relays the Don Shula Expressway to South Dixie Highway (US 1), Eventually the water from Lake Okeechobee and the Big Cypress makes its way to the ocean Mangrove trees are well adapted to the transitional zone of brackish water where fresh and salt water meet the estuarine ecosystem of the Ten Thousand Islands which is comprised almost completely of mangrove forests covers almost 200,000 acres (810 km2) in the wet season fresh water pours out into Florida Bay and sawgrass begins to grow closer to the coastline in the dry season and particularly in extended periods of drought the salt water creeps inland into the coastal prairie an ecosystem that buffers the freshwater marshes by absorbing sea water Mangrove trees begin to grow in fresh water ecosystems when the salt water goes far enough inland. At one time the cruise line ResidenSea had its headquarters in an unincorporated area in the county, 1990s 9 Transportation Ecuador Ecuador, West Indian manatee College of Engineering and Computing. Miami was host to many dignitaries and notable people throughout the 1980s and '90s Pope John Paul II visited in November 1987 and held an open-air mass for 150,000 people in Tamiami Park Queen Elizabeth II and three United States presidents also visited Miami Among them is Ronald Reagan who has a street named after him in Little Havana Nelson Mandela's 1989 visit to the city was marked by ethnic tensions Mandela had praised Cuban leader Fidel Castro for his anti-apartheid support on ABC News' Nightline Because of this the city withdrew its official greeting and no high-ranking official welcomed him This led to a boycott by the local African American community of all Miami tourist and convention facilities until Mandela received an official greeting However all efforts to resolve it failed for months resulting in an estimated loss of over US$10 million. On May 2 1995 a second agreement with the Castro government paved the way for the admission to the United States of the Cubans housed at Guantanamo who were counted primarily against the first year of the 20,000 annual admissions committed to by the Clinton Administration it also established a new policy of directly repatriating Cubans interdicted at sea to Cuba in the agreement the Cuban government pledged not to retaliate against those who were repatriated, Much of Florida has an elevation of less than 12 feet (3.7 m) including many populated areas Therefore it is susceptible to rising sea levels associated with global warming the Atlantic beaches that are vital to the state's economy are being washed out to sea due to rising sea levels caused by climate change the Miami beach area close to the continental shelf is running out of accessible offshore sand reserves Elevated temperatures can damage coral reefs causing coral bleaching the first recorded bleaching incident on the Florida Reef was in 1973 Incidents of bleaching have become more frequent in recent decades in correlation with a rise in sea surface temperatures White band disease has also adversely affected corals on the Florida Reef! Julia Tuttle Causeway Wynwood/Edgewater and Miami Beach 1959 Five geologic formations form the surface of the southern portion of Florida: the Tamiami Formation Caloosahatchee Formation Anastasia Formation Miami Limestone and the Fort Thompson Formation the Tamiami Formation is a compression of highly permeable light colored fossiliferous sands and pockets of quartz 150 feet (46 m) thick It is named for the Tamiami Trail that follows the upper bedrock of the Big Cypress Swamp and underlies the southern portion of the Everglades Between the Tamiami Formation and Lake Okeechobee is the Caloosahatchee Formation named for the river over it Much less permeable this formation is highly calcitic and is composed of sandy shell marl clay and sand Water underneath the Caloosahatchee Formation is typically very mineralized Both the Tamiami and Caloosahatchee Formations developed during the Pliocene Epoch. American settlers began to establish cotton plantations in north Florida which required numerous laborers which they supplied by buying slaves in the domestic market by 1860 Florida had only 140,424 people of whom 44% were enslaved There were fewer than 1,000 free African Americans before the American Civil War, CR 992 Coral Reef Drive extension of SR 992, Downtown Miami Center 5 Student enrollment Homestead Base 2000s: a new era. Law Enforcement Officers' Memorial High School magnet school, Parks Icebergs are common from early February to the end of July across the shipping lanes near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland the ice season is longer in the polar regions but there is little shipping in those areas, The average apartment sale price was $347,729 in 2010 up 15% from 2009 with the average apartment price at $300 per square foot During the Miami building boom of the first decade of the 21st century 23,628 condominium and apartments were built in numerous high-rise towers that quickly transformed the city Over 85% of these apartments are now occupied as of early 2011 It is estimated that about 550 new residents move to Downtown every month Renters make up 56% of the residents in Downtown.
Poverty and Participation in Government Programs: in 2005 14% of people were in poverty 19% of related children under 18 were below the poverty level compared with 14% of people 65 years old and over 11% of all families and 26% of families with a female householder and no husband present had incomes below the poverty level; As of 2009 there are approximately 71,000 year-round residents in Greater Downtown (including Downtown's Brickell Park West and Arts & Entertainment District neighborhoods) with close to 200,000 populating the Downtown area during the daytime making Downtown Miami one of the most populous downtowns in the U.S after New York City and Chicago With recent mass construction of high-rise residential buildings and office towers Downtown has experienced large growth with new shops bars parks and restaurants opening up attracting many new residents Along with Brickell Downtown has grown from 40,000 residents in 2000 to over 70,000 in 2009 making it one of the fastest-growing areas in Florida it was estimated in February 2010 that about 550 new residents move to the Downtown area every month as of 2009 over 190,000 office employees work in Downtown and Brickell, Government Center is one of the main stations for Metrorail and Metromover, Data is from the CIA World Factbook compiled in 2017:!
Thomas Coon Newton & Frost